Higher education alumni advancement platforms support activities related to alumni and donor management, communications, marketing, and fundraising. The functionality is often quite broad, as it includes system-of-record, back-office functions (that is, demographic records and gift processing); system-of-engagement functions (that is, alumni networking and communication between the institution and constituents, such as graduates, donors, stewards, parents, and community members); and analytics functions (that is, campaign ROI analysis and donor giving propensity scores).