Gartner defines K-12 learning management systems (LMSs) as the core teaching and learning technology environment, with connections to a range of internal and external tools and services that support learning. LMSs are moving beyond the administration of learning resources. They are increasingly designed to support pedagogical activities such as developing and tracking assignments and assessments; managing online interactions and collaborations among teachers and students; and communication with administrators and parents/guardians. Increasingly, LMSs offer advanced reporting and analytics capabilities, and are usually integrated with the student information system (SIS). In K-12, several vendors offer the SIS and LMS combined into one product.